The second generation Crown Victoria came out in 1998, with updated technology and new parts.The Crown Victoria was restyled for the 1998 year, taking the conservative styling of the. The car also went through many changes during its 13-year generation.For 1998, the P71 police package adopted many chrome areas for the car.

For 1999, a chrome-trimmed gloss black rear fascia, unpainted door handle trim, black bumper strips, and a gloss black slatted grille were introduced. The new 'Street Appearance Package', intended to make the Police Interceptor look like a P73 model, was introduced as well.

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An unmarked Crown Vic Police Interceptor in in 2014For 2000, the rear fascia and tail-lights lost the chrome trim, and the gloss black grille was put away for a flat black slatted grille. Further changes were made in 2001, including taking off all trim on the plastic bumper pieces and a new honeycomb-style grille, replacing the slat-style grille, which is found on previous standard Crown Victorias and CVPIs.

White night gameplay. Power adjustable pedals also became an option during that year, as many officers had been joining departments with different kinds of heights. They also relocated the rear window defrost switch from the left side of the dash to the direct left of the HVAC controls. For the year 2003, interior door panels and seats were freshened, with side-impact airbags becoming an option.

The suspension, brakes, steering, and frame all were redesigned for the 2003 model year. Wheels had a different offset, and the cassette player was eliminated for the 2004 year.Taurus (2012-2019) To replace the Crown Victoria, Ford used the and the. The names for both cars were instead the 'Police Interceptor Sedan' and 'Police Interceptor Utility,' in lieu of Taurus or Explorer.Ford Police Interceptor Sedan. The was one of two cars to replace the Crown Victoria.

The Sedan is based on the Ford Taurus.The Sedan, along with the Utility came to police forces in the 2012 and 2013 model years.The Sedan's standard engine is taken from the Ford Mustang, a 3.7-liter -block engine that weighed 18 kg (40 lb) less than the previous version. The engine had 24 valves and TiVCT (Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing). It produced 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque.

The 3.7-liter engine came with a new dual exhaust; gasoline mileage increased to 19 city and 31 highway mpg. Ford also offers the version, the 's 3.5-liter V6 which produces 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS). Both versions came with all-wheel drive. In 2014, Ford began offering the 4-cylinder engine from its civilian counterpart in the Police Interceptor Sedan as part of a Special Service trim designed for detective and administrative uses. The Police Interceptor includes Ford's latest safety technology, like the Blind Spot Information System, rear view camera, reverse sensing system, and electronic stability control.In 2015, Ford considered ending production of the Taurus in the United States. However, the Police Interceptor Sedan was a major reason for continuing production. ( ) The was the second of two cars to replace the Crown Victoria.

The Utility is based on the Ford Explorer.The Utility was sold to police forces in 2012 and 2013, like the Taurus, although retail isn't available.The Utility used the 3.7-liter V6 from the Ford Mustang, which produced 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS). The car then featured the Ecoboost engine from the SHO in 2014, producing 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS).The Utility comes with provisions for the fitment of emergency equipment such as guns, batons, tasers, radios, first aid kits, and sirens. To free up interior space on the center console for equipment, the transmission is fitted with a column-mounted shifter. Other fleet-specific options are included as well.

It also comes with an all-wheel drive powertrain as standard, and is also fitted with larger brake rotors, more advanced ABS and traction control systems, a more efficient cooling system and other standard police equipment.

Went into production in 2015Automotive production is a significant industry in, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production. The main local brands are light vehicle producers and, while is the leading heavy vehicle producer. Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia. The assembly line in 1969After the 1917, Russo-Balt was nationalised on 15 August 1918, and renamed to by the new leadership.

It continued the production of Russo-Balt cars and launched a new model on 8 October 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the AMO-F-15. About 6,000–6,500 F-15s were built in the years 1924–1931.In 1927, engineers from the (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931.In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the, the established. A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in, which would become a major Soviet car maker after and earn nationwide fame under the name.The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the, intended to be an that would spread the use of cars among the population.

Other manufacturers such as MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market. The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport.

For reasons of cost-efficiency, it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern foreign model. After considering several options, the was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair.The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970) in the small town of, which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed to commemorate. At the same time, the car plant was established in the city of as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced and Moskvitch-based., Europe's largest heavy truck plant, was built in, while, and plants continued to produce other types of trucks.By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. In late 1987, the industry produced 2 million cars, satisfying 45% of the domestic demand.

Post-Soviet adjustments In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically, largely due to a drastic cut on import duties, so that by 1993 foreign-made imported cars made up 49% of all sales. At the same time, Russian automakers were integrated into a and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s.The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were,. Some of them, like AvtoVAZ, turned to cooperation with other companies (such as ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis.By 1993, total output was down 14% compared to 1990 levels.

Lada's declining sales during the 1990s, and toughening emissions requirements, saw exports to discontinued by the end of the decade. Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain, peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s, but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years.850,000 cars were sold in 1996. As demand kept rising, local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality.

It was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1–2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety.The affected the industry, as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices. Nevertheless, the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years.In 1997, car production increased by 13.2% in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000. AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively, whereas KamAZ doubled it. The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent, reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000. The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000, or 965,000 (969,235 according to ) excluding commercial vehicles.Throughout the 1990s, the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash. 2000 to 2008.

Assembly line in 2005In the early 2000s, the recovered. Russian metal companies, having achieved significant profits on foreign markets, sought to invest in Russia's automotive sector. Initially bought and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in.

At the same time, gained control of.In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia, investing $150 million in their factory, manufacturing the, which briefly became the best-selling foreign-branded car in Russia.In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90% of car production in Russia, either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company. The six main automotive groups were,. Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002.Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand, and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming.

In 2005, 1,446,525 new cars were sold, including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones.During the first quarter of 2005, foreign-branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history (including used imports). Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia: the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007. To keep up with the competition, local brands launched more modern-looking models, such as.The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace: 14% in 2005, 36% in 2006 and 67% in 2007—making it the world's fastest growing automotive market by 2008. Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s, seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse.

Russia's labour, material and energy costs were only 1/6 compared to those in Western Europe.To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles, the implemented several measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country. In late 2005, the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create (SEZ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies. The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances, exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime. Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors (over $100 million.) These include / (Toyota, GM, Nissan) and (VW). Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies, as has been. Global financial crisis.

President meeting with employees in the company's factory in.Russia's automotive industry was hit hard by the. Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009. Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period.In late 2008, the Russian government introduced protectionist measures, worth $5 billion, to improve the situation in the industry. This included $2 billion of for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars. Prime minister described the move as vital in order to save jobs. The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50% and go up to 100%.

The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle. The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities, most notably in, where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city's economy. To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses, Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company to move one of its factories from to Vladivostok.

The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a in March 2010. Under the scheme, buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles (US$20,000).

Sales of Russia's largest carmaker doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result, and the company returned to profit. Recent developments By the end of 2010, automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels. Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced, with Avtovaz's Lada models topping the list. In the first 7 months of 2010, sales of Lada cars increased by 60%, the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101%, and Chevrolet's sales rose by 15%.In 2010, Russia was the world's 15th largest producer of cars. The Russian automotive industry currently (as of 2010) accounts for about 2% of worldwide car production.The market share of Russian-branded vehicles fell to 34% in 2010 and to 21% in 2012. At the same time, the market share of foreign-branded cars made in Russia kept rising, reaching 45% in 2012.

Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market: in 2014 they made up 27% of cars and 46% of trucks.The led to a new fall in car sales and production levels, and reduced forecasts for future growth.The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total, down from 41.6% five years earlier. Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic.

Manufacturers. The first foreign car to top Russian sales chartRussia's second largest car manufacturer is, located in. Avtotor performs SKD, CKD or full-cycle assembly of foreign models, such as, and ' and vehicles. In 2009, Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10% of Russian car production., the third largest car manufacturer, produced 49,500 cars in 2009.

Its plant is located in the south-east part of the city of Moscow. Avtoframos is a joint venture between France's and the Moscow city administration, but is majority owned by Renault. The company manufactures and models. The ratio of Russian-made parts is 54%. The figure was expected to rise to 74% by 2012.The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are and, respectively. In total, the five largest companies of the industry account for 80% of all cars made in Russia.

In 2016, became the first foreign-branded car to be the best-selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970. Commercial and heavy vehicles. The van, produced by, is popular on the light commercial vehicle marketIn the heavy vehicle sector, the largest company is the truckmaker.

It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry. In 2010, KaMAZ sold a total of 32,293 trucks; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries.Another very important company is, which makes vans, trucks and busses, among other products. Its most popular product is the van, which has a market share of 49% in the light commercial vehicle market. In 2009, the company launched an improved version, called GAZelle Business.In the bus sector, the occupied a market share of 77%. In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small-class, 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class.Russia's largest tractor maker, and one of the largest machine building companies in the world, is, located in.

Mars mars game characters. The company employs around 45,000 people.Short-lived projects. B2The Marussia brand, produced by, became the first modern and the first produced in Russia.

The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow. On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow. Marussia Motors was led by, a notable Russian showman, singer, actor and racer. His company acquired a 'significant stake' in the Formula One team, which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011. This team is to become the first ever Russian-owned team in. Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014.Another short-lived project was the, a that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of. The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow, a product of a joint venture between, a producer of trucks based in and the Onexim investment group, headed by, who was the leader and financier of the project.

In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum, thus signalling the abandonment of the idea. No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced.Economic and political significance. The main administration building of inRussia's automotive industry is a significant economic sector. It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2–3 million people in related industries. It is politically a very important part of the country's economy: firstly, due to the large number of employed people and secondly, because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies. For example, the well-being of the giant factory in is massively important to the city or to the region of.

Tolyatti is a typical, a city whose economy is dependent on a single company. The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city's population of 700,000 in 2009.In 2009, former launched the, which aims to diversify Russia's raw materials and energy-dominated economy, turning it into a modern high-tech economy based on innovation. Following this, Russia's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation.Former and current President has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry.

In a symbolic gesture of support, Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new in August 2010, driving 2,165 kilometers in a Sport. Putin described the car as 'excellent, even beyond my expectations', and praised it as 'comfortable' and 'almost noise-free.' The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ, which was recovering from the serious economic crisis. Sales statistics Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016: Manufacturers RankBrandSalesMarket share1(includes )477,27933.5%2156,71211.0%3149,56710.5%4145,30010.2%5118,6858.3%655,8033.9%748,8483.4%843,9123.1%942,5283.0%1031,7372.2%Total1,425,791100%Car models RankModelSalesGroup190,387,647,730,6,341Best-selling model by year. The Hyundai plant in Saint Petersburg. Hyundai: established in 2010, produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016.

As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia, and employs 2,200 workers. Nissan: started production in June 2009, produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015. Toyota: manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016.

Toyota Motors Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), 224- factory in laid down in 2005 and launched production on 21 December 2007. In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4L and 3.5L Toyota Camry vehicles per year. General Motors: opened in July 2008, closed in 2015., truck plant Scania-Piter, established in 2002.

Produces Scania P, R, G. truck plant, established in 2013. in: opened in 2002. It was the first foreign-owned car plant to be established in Russia.

in, established in 2000, produces rigid dump trucks.Kaluga. Volkswagen Group Rus in. Volkswagen: started production in November 2007, produced 110,000 cars in 2016. A 200 m² facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles, reached during 2010, with employees rising to 3,000. All vehicles produced were initially (SKD), with full production planned to start 2010. Served by, part of Volkswagen Group Russia (OOO Volkswagen Rus). Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive: opened in April 2010, produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015.

truck plant in, established in 2009. Produces,.Volga Federal District.

GAZ, produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015. The plant also produces Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group. AvtoVAZ, produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015., produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015.: (Nissan), produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015.:, produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015.:, produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015.: truck plant, also produces trucks under a joint venture established in 2010. Produces,.: truck plant, established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former plant.

Produces JBC SY1041, JBC SY1060.Rest of Russia. Ssangyong Sollers plant in Vladivostok.: (Kia, Hyundai, BMW), produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015. Moscow:, produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015.: (Toyota, Mazda, Ssangyong, Isuzu), produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015.

(Lifan, Geely, Great Wall Hover, Chery), produced 24,800 cars in 2014.: - produced 6,700 cars in 2016., established in 2010, produces rigid dump trucks., truck plant (Iveco AMT, former joint venture Iveco-) established in 1994. Produces,.: plant under construction., Moscow Oblast: plant under construction.: plant under construction.Manufacturers of automobile engines., based in and established in 1966. Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the brand., based in and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand., engine plant established in 2015., based in and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy-duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ, and also for the. Tutaev Motor Plant (TMZ), based in and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands (MZKT-742910),.

(UMZ), based in and established in 1944, part of the. Manufactures gasoline and gasoline-gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands (, ), ( military performance). Group Rus, plant in producing 1.6 MPI engines.

(YaMZ), based in and established in 1916 (as Autoworks), 1958 (conversion to the production of engines), part of the. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks, small buses, large buses, armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers under the brands (, ), , (younger models with BelAZ-7540-7547 to BelAZ-7547), MoAZ (MoAZ-7505). (ZMZ), based in and established in 1958, owned. Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off-road vehicles, light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands, (PAZ-3203, PAZ-3204, )., based in and established in 1916. Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands (ZiL-4331).See also.References.